The first theory, which can be considered as belonging to
Traits category, was proposed by a psychologist named Gordon Allport in 1936. Gordon
Allport was a prominent psychologist who played a significant role in the
development of personality psychology. He believed that understanding the
fundamental traits that make up an individual's personality could provide
insights into their behavior, thoughts, and emotions.
Allport's Trait Theory has had a significant impact on
the field of personality psychology. Before Allport, many theories focused on
explaining personality as a result of unconscious processes or universal traits
shared by all humans. Allport, however, believed that each individual has a
unique combination of traits that shape their personality. This shift in
perspective has influenced how psychologists understand and study personality
to this day.
Traits classification
Allport found that one English-language dictionary
contained more than 4,000 words describing different personality traits. He defined
traits as relatively stable and enduring characteristics that describe how a
person typically behaves, thinks, and feels. Unlike states, which may change
depending on the situation, traits are more consistent and help predict an
individual's behavior across different contexts.
Allport believed that traits play a crucial role in
shaping an individual's personality. They are the building blocks that combine
to form a unique pattern of behavior and a person's distinctive psychological
makeup. Traits help us understand why individuals have consistent behavioral
tendencies and can be used to predict how someone might respond in different
situations.
He categorized these traits into three levels:
1.
Cardinal Traits
Allport suggested that cardinal traits are rare and
dominating, usually developing later in life. They tend to define a person to
such an extent that their names become synonymous with their personality.
Examples of this include the following descriptive terms: Machiavellian,
narcissistic, Don Juan, and Christ-like.
So, if you've ever met someone and thought, "Wow,
they are really ___," then you've encountered a cardinal trait. Cardinal
traits are the dominant characteristics that define a person's overall
behavior. These traits are so pronounced that they shape almost every aspect of
their lives.
2.
Central Traits
These general characteristics form basic personality
foundations. While central traits are not as dominating as cardinal traits,
they describe the major characteristics you might use to describe another
person. Descriptions such as "intelligent," "honest,"
"shy," and "anxious" are considered central traits.
Central traits are the building blocks of our
personality. They represent the core qualities that define who we are. These
traits may not be as all-encompassing as cardinal traits, but they still have a
significant impact on our behavior. For example, if you're known for being
kind, outgoing, or reliable, these could be your central traits.
Central traits often shape our interactions with others and play a crucial role
in how we navigate social situations. They are like the spices that give flavor
to our personality, making us unique individuals.
3.
Secondary Traits
Secondary traits are sometimes related to attitudes or
preferences. They often appear only in certain situations or under specific
circumstances. Some examples include public speaking anxiety or impatience
while waiting in line.
Secondary traits are the quirks and idiosyncrasies that
add depth to our personalities. These traits are more specific and situational.
They may only manifest in certain contexts or with particular people. For
instance, you might be an introvert who loves dancing but only feels
comfortable doing so in the privacy of your own room.
Although secondary traits may not define us in the same way cardinal or central
traits do, they still contribute to our overall character. They make us
interesting and complex beings, with a whole range of traits waiting to be
discovered.
Common Traits vs. Personal Dispositions
Common traits are those that are widely shared across
different individuals. These traits are observable and measurable, allowing
psychologists to identify patterns of behavior and make generalizations about
groups of people. For example, extraversion and introversion are common traits
that describe people's general tendencies to be outgoing or reserved.
Personal dispositions, on the other hand, are
individual-specific traits unique to each person. These traits capture the
idiosyncrasies that make individuals who they are. While common traits help us
understand broad behavior patterns, personal dispositions dig deeper into the
specific qualities that differentiate one person from another.
In conclusion, Allport's Trait Theory offers a unique perspective on
personality by emphasizing the individuality of traits and their role in
shaping behavior. Whether it's understanding the dominant cardinal traits or
identifying the more general central traits, this theory provides valuable
insights into how our personalities are formed and expressed. So, the next time
you find yourself pondering why people behave the way they do, consider the
influence of traits according to Allport.
Idiographic Approach
Allport advocated for an idiographic approach, which
means focusing on understanding individuals as unique entities with their own
distinct set of traits and experiences. He believed that each person's
personality should be studied in its entirety, rather than trying to fit
everyone into a common framework.
The idiographic approach seeks to understand individuals
as holistic entities, taking into account their personal experiences,
motivations, values, and characteristics. This approach aims to capture the
complexity and depth of an individual's personality.
Allport's emphasis on the idiographic approach was driven
by his respect for the complexity and uniqueness of each person. He believed
that understanding an individual's personality required recognizing their
individuality and not forcing them into preconceived categories or
generalizations.
Functional Autonomy
Allport introduced the concept of functional autonomy,
suggesting that certain behaviors or motives could become independent of their
original underlying causes. In other words, an individual's behavior may
persist even when the initial reasons for it have changed.
In other words, behaviors that may have initially been
driven by certain needs or motives can persist even if the original reason for
engaging in them no longer applies. Here are a few examples to illustrate the
concept of functional autonomy:
1. Hobbies
and Interests: Consider a person who starts a hobby, such as painting,
during their childhood because they enjoyed it and received praise for their
artistic skills. As they grow older, the original motive of seeking approval
may no longer be as relevant. However, if this person continues to paint
regularly, driven by a genuine passion for art and creativity, their engagement
in painting has become functionally autonomous. The activity is now driven by
intrinsic satisfaction and personal interest, rather than the need for external
validation.
2. Career
Choices: A person might choose a specific career path early in life because
it aligns with the expectations of their parents or societal norms. However, as
they gain experience and expertise in that field, they might develop a genuine
passion for their work. Even if the initial motivation was external (parental
approval), the person's dedication to their career has become functionally autonomous
as they continue to work diligently based on their own internal motivations.
3. Exercise
and Physical Activity: Someone might start exercising to lose weight or
meet a specific fitness goal. Over time, however, they may develop a strong
sense of well-being, increased energy, and enjoyment from regular exercise. If
they continue to engage in physical activity for the sake of their overall
health and personal well-being, rather than solely for weight loss, the
behavior has become functionally autonomous.
4. Helping
Others: A person might initially volunteer for a charitable organization to
fulfill a school requirement or to enhance their resume. However, as they
interact with the people they're helping and witness the positive impact of
their actions, they might develop a genuine sense of compassion and empathy. If
they continue volunteering because they sincerely want to make a difference in
the lives of others, their motivation has become functionally autonomous.
5. Habits:
Think about someone who starts a morning routine of meditation and mindfulness
as a way to reduce stress and anxiety. Over time, even when their stress levels
have decreased, they might continue the practice because they enjoy the sense
of calm and clarity it brings to their day. The original goal of stress
reduction has become functionally autonomous as the practice now serves as a
positive way to start their day.
Proprium
Allport introduced the concept of the
"proprium," which refers to the self or the core of an individual's
personality. It encompasses an individual's sense of self, self-esteem,
self-identity, and self-worth.
Allport emphasized that the proprium provides a sense of
continuity and consistency to an individual's experiences and behaviors across
different situations and stages of life. It acts as a unifying force that helps
to integrate various aspects of the self.
The proprium contributes to an individual's sense of
self-identity. It encompasses the aspects of oneself that are recognized as distinct
from others and contribute to a sense of uniqueness. This includes personal
attributes, roles, values, and beliefs that are central to an individual's
self-concept.
According to Allport, the development of the proprium is
a lifelong process. It evolves over time as individuals interact with their
environment, form relationships, and engage in various life experiences. The
proprium is influenced by both internal factors (such as innate
characteristics) and external factors (such as cultural and societal
influences).
Allport believed that a well-developed and integrated
proprium is indicative of psychological health and maturity. Individuals with a
strong sense of self and a well-defined proprium are more likely to have a
clear understanding of their values, aspirations, and goals.
Trait Measurement
Allport recognized the challenge of accurately measuring
traits. He advocated for using multiple methods to assess personality traits,
including self-reports, observer reports, and behavioral observations.
Allport advocated for using multiple methods of
measurement to gain a comprehensive understanding of an individual's
personality traits. He believed that relying on a single method could lead to
an incomplete or biased assessment.
Future Development
Allport's Trait Theory was influential in shaping the
field of personality psychology and laid the groundwork for later trait
theories, such as the Five Factor Model (also known as the Big Five), which
categorizes personality traits into five broad dimensions: Openness,
Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.
Personality assessments, such as the Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator (MBTI), draw heavily from Allport's Trait Theory. These assessments
help individuals gain self-awareness by identifying their dominant traits and understanding
how they influence their behavior. Employers also use these assessments to
assess job candidates' suitability for specific roles.
Therapists and counselors incorporate Allport's Trait
Theory to tailor their approaches to individual clients. Understanding a
person's cardinal, central, and secondary traits can provide insight into their
motivations, potential areas of personal growth, and strategies for overcoming
challenges. By leveraging this theory, therapists can provide more effective guidance
to help clients lead fulfilling lives.
Applying Allport Theory to Interpersonal Communication
Gordon Allport's trait theory can provide valuable
insights into understanding interpersonal communication. By examining
individuals' personality traits, you can gain a better understanding of their
communication preferences, tendencies, and styles. Here's how Allport's trait
theory can be applied to interpersonal communication:
1. Extraversion
and Introversion:
·
Extraversion: Extraverted individuals may
engage in more outgoing and socially expressive communication. They might
prefer group interactions and be more talkative and expressive.
·
Introversion: Introverted individuals may
engage in more reflective and reserved communication. They might prefer
one-on-one conversations and tend to be good listeners.
2. Agreeableness
and Disagreeableness:
·
Agreeableness: Agreeable individuals tend
to communicate in a cooperative and harmonious manner. They value maintaining
positive relationships and avoiding conflict.
·
Disagreeableness: Disagreeable
individuals may communicate more assertively and directly, sometimes expressing
differing opinions and challenging ideas.
3. Conscientiousness:
·
Conscientious individuals are likely to
communicate in an organized, detail-oriented manner. They might value clear
communication and well-structured discussions.
4. Openness
to Experience:
·
Open individuals may engage in creative and
imaginative communication. They might enjoy discussing abstract concepts and
exploring new ideas.
5. Neuroticism:
·
High neuroticism can influence communication by
leading to emotional reactivity and sensitivity. These individuals might
experience heightened anxiety in certain social situations.
6. Trait
Compatibility in Relationships:
·
Recognize how trait compatibility or
complementarity can impact interpersonal communication. People with similar
traits might find it easier to understand each other, while those with
complementary traits can balance each other's communication styles.
7. Functional
Autonomy:
·
Functional autonomy suggests that communication
behaviors might persist even when the original motives change. For example,
someone who initially started engaging in public speaking for career
advancement might continue doing it because they enjoy it, even if career
motives are less relevant.
8. Observer
Reports:
·
When interacting with others, consider seeking
feedback from observers who know the individual well. This can provide
additional insights into their communication style and its alignment with their
personality traits.
9. Adaptation
and Flexibility:
·
While traits provide a foundation, individuals
can adapt their communication style based on situational demands. Someone high
in extraversion might still engage in reserved communication during a serious
discussion.
10. Conflict
Resolution:
·
Understanding personality traits can help
anticipate potential sources of conflict. For instance, being aware of
someone's trait-related tendencies can guide you in choosing the most effective
approach to resolving disagreements.